Reliability and Validity of Qualitative Research

Question: Talk about the Reliability and Validity of Qualitative Research. Answer: Presentation: The enumeration information in the exceed expectations sheet was sorted out and picked according to the guidelines in that. Since no specific equation or stunt was utilized in picking the example, we call this technique for information examining as irregular inspecting. Some of the time it is alluded to as equivalent possibility examining (John, 2009). Not at all like other likelihood testing techniques, equivalent possibility examining disheartens biasness (Gravetter , 2011) in results henceforth the results from a basic arbitrary inspecting strategy are typically an agent of the entire example. This is the reason it has been utilized in this information choice. It is consistently an overwhelming assignment to choose which test measurement to apply in order to think about arrangements of information. It is increasingly hard to a non-analyst or even mathematician(Golafshani, 2003). In any case, factual techniques counsel that the qualities of the information to be contrasted ought to be capable with manage us on which test measurement to utilize. In the first place, we ought to ask ourselves whether the information is ordinal, proportion or ostensible. Also, is the information combined or not paired?(Utts, 2014). The quantity of tests to be contrasted likewise decides the test insights with be utilized (David George , 2006). Thinking about all the referenced measures, the best test measurement that would fit this sort of information was investigation of difference (ANOVA). It is ANOVA since we are managing multiple examples. (Harmony Parrillo, 2008). The age of pay dissemination is totally appeared in exceed expectations archive appended in the subsequent sheet. Passing by the engaging examination utilizing exceed expectations, it tends to be certainly said that greater part of the individuals are in the poor classification. This class contrasted with the rest has the biggest number of individuals who are acquiring somewhere in the range of 110 and 914.25. It has 58 individuals in number. It is then trailed by the poor who acquire somewhere in the range of 914.25 and 1718.5. These are 29 in number. From factual point of view, it tends to be reasoned that the information isn't regularly circulated. It is slanted towards one side and not simply typically appropriated on the two closures of the ordinary bend. The circulation of the pay for the families isn't ordinarily disseminated in light of the fact that there is an enormous extent of individuals winning less and a couple of individuals procuring more. Ordinary dissemination consistently has a reasonable situation. For this situation the individuals who procure less and the individuals who acquire more ought to be the least in number then the individuals who win modestly ought to be genuinely enormous. While deciding the top 10% worth, in a lot of information, it is first organized all together for instance in rising request. In percentiles, a given information is expected to have been separated into 100 equivalent parts. Along these lines, the base 10% worth speaks to the tenth percentile while the top 10% worth speaks to the 90th The exceed expectations recipe that has been utilized to decide the percentiles is =PERCENTILE.EXEC (RANGE, K) k speaks to the division of the real percentile that we have to set up. In our evaluation information the base 10% incentive in WEF is 83.9 and the top 10% is 507.The possibility that a family salary is not exactly or equivalent to 200 is 0.09. References David, S., George , P. (2006). Prologue to the act of Statistics. Freeman. Golafshani, N. (2003). Getting dependability and legitimacy of subjective examination. Gravetter , F. J. (2011). Exploration strategies for conduct sciences.

HRM Case Johnson Assosciates Free Essays

This case is about a product counseling firm, Johnson and Associates. The business was built up in 1989 by James and Michael Johnson. The two siblings started the business when the PC showcase was flourishing and the product advertise was evaluated to develop from 17% to 20% around the world. We will compose a custom article test on HRM Case Johnson Assosciates or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Their arrangement was to focus on three objective markets for their items which included wellbeing and racquet clubs, autonomous protection specialists and discount conveyance organizations. The item that was being offered by the firm was a product that would robotize everyday operational assignments for clients and give advertising data. The name of the product was ‘Club-Kit. As opposed to what the pervasive pattern, the firm was concentrating on one item. For the most part in the market. Firms with numerous items were increasingly fruitful. This was an issue for them, alongside the way that duplicates of effective programming were made by rivalry and this declined the net revenue for the organizations in question. The firm included four people, two siblings and two companions of theirs. James Johnson was the downpours behind the item and had a tendency towards innovation. Michael then again was progressively alluring and was answerable for showcasing the item. Jackson and Wilson were the two companions ready for the endeavor. They had propelled the business and were searching for approaches to showcase the item. For that reason Johnson and Associates should remember the advertising blend components so as to get achievement. The components incorporate dispersion, value, advancement and the item itself. Standard publicizing was an expensive choice and the new firm couldn’t bear the cost of it. The firm ought to depend on close to home offering to an enormous degree and on notices in exchange diaries. Since Michael is an appealling individual he ought to go independently to individuals and attempt to showcase the item. Also exchange diaries are a conservative choice for informing the insights about the product. It could make numerous individuals mindful of the organization and the item. By chance, the general pattern was that Service and Support, guidance, dissemination and advertising nearness were key parts to the accomplishment of particular programming. Thus the firm should concentrate on broadening their span as much as possible as they were concentrating on only one particular programming. The choice of evaluating the product had a separated vote, while two individuals were for keeping the cost of the product fixed, the other two needed it to be debatable so as to pull in clients. Anyway I accept that they should set the cost of the product at 700$. The general decrease in cost ought to be because of equipment, which wouldn’t cause a decrease in their benefits. The most effective method to refer to HRM Case Johnson Assosciates, Papers

Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Andrew Jackson versus Henry Clay - Essay Example The two men likewise served in the War of 1812, with Andrew Jackson telling powers at New Orleans and Henry Clay going about as a War Hawk from Kentucky (Davidson, and Stoff 333). Be that as it may, it was through their political competing and verbal fencing that Jackson and Clay would increase chronicled popularity, each man attempting to protect their perspectives on what they thought best for the nation. Earth bolstered a solid central government with what he called the â€Å"American System†, an arrangement of proposition that would have implied a national bank and high levies, alongside utilizing deal continues from open terrains to back improved roadways and waterways, while Andrew Jackson upheld the inverse, requiring a government with restricted forces, lower duties, and a financial framework that would be constrained by gold and silver, not paper banknotes, yet above all, it would have a place with the states. Henry Clay, to put it plainly, upheld a way for the improv ement of America that would have kept force in the hands of the central government, with almost no of that force having a place with any state, while Jackson supported for the privileges of states and their residents. Both Clay and Jackson are associated with what is ordinarily known as the Bank War. Henry Clay was a big fan for the Bank of the United States, and he fused the bank into his American System, by â€Å"interlocking† it with all phases of the proposition, including high taxes and land deals (Watson 83). Andrew Jackson, be that as it may, didn't just despise the bank, he hated the bank. Most importantly, he imagined that the bank was excessively incredible, just as undemocratic, as it was constrained by private brokers (Davidson, and Stoff 335). Much after Congress restored the contract, Jackson vetoed it brutally, expressing that solitary states should sanction banks, not the national government (Davidson, and Stoff 335). With the intensity of the presidential off ice behind Jackson, Henry Clay had lost an extraordinary proposition bit of his American System, and Jackson had attested his position to keep power in the hands of the states. Jackson and Clay both pursued another kind of war, over levies, which caused the two men political distress. Earth was supportive of high levies, particularly on imported merchandise, utilizing those taxes to secure household, or American-made, items and makers (Watson 21). American makers were viewed as a beneficial rivalry for British makers, and Clay needed simply to see America produce the entirety of the merchandise that it required all alone (Heidler, and Heidler 125).â

Havisham Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Havisham - Essay Example After things turned sour with her marriage, she came about to minor wish and supplication that her dear beyond words. â€Å"Not a day from that point forward, I haven’t wished him dead† (Duffy web). The word â€Å"dead† speaks to dim symbolism of Havisham’s want to vindicate her husband’s treachery. Havisham likewise transforms into supplication shutting her eyes so close creation them sink inside and become like green rock. Furthermore, she holds her hands so firmly together in petition that they have framed ligaments the size of a rope, which she virtualizes utilizing to choke her darling. Ropes on the rear of my hands is figurative speaking to mature age in that Havisham has permitted herself to remain with the lament, outrage, and poor feelings for a long time, which has left her maturing. Havisham is liable for her own wretchedness in that she decides to gather in the selling out from her sweetheart such that day in day out. She won't shower ye t stay in her smelling wedding dress thinking about executing her sweetheart as a method of retribution. Perusing this sonnet leaves the crowd identifying with Havisham. Her character speaks to acclaimed individuals in her general public who settle on choices in existence with extraordinary desires, just to get baffles from those they trust. Havisham considers her darling and afterward a knave depicting adoration and scorn. All she thinks about throughout the day is to choke, chomp, blast, or cut her previous sweetheart. Remembering Havisham previous situation in the general public, it is unavoidable to feel for the degree of her sinking. Utilization of the main individual in the sonnet causes the crowd to relate to the misery. That is, the enduring could bring forth anybody in the general public paying little mind to the status. A lady with class of her own already and now can't shower? Havisham’s body smells, her wedding dress that she won't change yellowing with soil. Havisham appears to be powerless, lost, and overwhelmed by disarray. She doesn't even

On Portraying Eating Disorders Authentically in Fiction

On Portraying Eating Disorders Authentically in Fiction You know when you’re reading a book and it feels like the author has stolen your diary? That’s what Paperweight by Meg Haston was for me. The majority of books that I’ve read that tackle the touchy subject of eating disorders have left me extremely uncomfortable and triggered. A lot of times authors just cover the body aspect, but it’s so much more than just obsessing over numbers, be it in terms of dress sizes, calories, or miles you’ve run. Sometimes it’s about control. Maybe perfectionism. It’s also biological. And it’s different for everyone. I spent a cumulative three years of my life in hospitals and treatment centers in various parts of the country for my eating disorder. I had the hardest time finding a book that left me feeling validated and understood, as well as hopeful for my continued recovery. I don’t know if I’ve ever identified with a literary character more than Stevie, the main character in Paperweight. Her disordered and sometimes horribly judgmental thoughts almost exactly mirrored mine. The effect her illness had on her family was dead on. Her refusal to get help was a blast from the past. And it also has the most accurate portrayal of a treatment center that I’ve read. I think there’s this perception that psych wards and hospitals are essentially “nut houses,” which is a phrase I’ve actually seen used. There’s yelling and chaos and the people you meet are creepy and violent. Here’s what actually happens: You cry. A lot. Over something as “simple” as Fritos. (Guilty.) You play silly, distracting games during meals. You flip off your dietitian as soon you leave their office. You write more personal essays than you did while applying for college. You make inappropriate jokes with your friends and get non-compliances. You break three stress balls during Family Week. You meet the most incredibly amazing people who think just like you And if you put in the hard workâ€"you get better. Even though I was over 18 at the time of my first hospital admission, I was essentially forced into treatment. The second day I called my mom begging her to let me leave, that I didn’t have a problem, and I swore to try harder. Like Stevie, I didn’t talk in group therapy or to other clients. I broke the rules just because I could. I refused my meds. I didn’t give my therapist anything to work with. (Shout out to Leslie, sorry for making your life so difficult.) It wasn’t until my fifth admission that anything changed. Stevie walks into treatment in denial and against recovery. Paperweight ends with her coming to terms with her ED, accepting help from her therapist, Anna, and finally being willing to confront her demons. Reading her journey and the authenticity of the experience meant more to me than I can express. In light of To the Bone premiering on Netflix with a cloud of controversy already surrounding it, I wanted to offer this to anyone suffering or in the process of recovery: Your feelings are valid. Your experience is real. You don’t need to read (or watch) anything that triggers you. And when/if you find the right story that touches you, knowing you’re not alone is super powerful. Also, if you have any other recs that were accurate to your recovery process, I’d love it if you’d hit me up.

Software Development Practiec Analysis Essay - 3025 Words

Software Development Practiec Analysis (Essay Sample) Content: Software Development Practice AnalysisStudents NameUniversity AffiliationDateSoftware Development Practice AnalysisIntroductionNowadays, the main business of many organizations is mainly based on software. Software systems, such as telecommunication systems and services, such as financial services all depend on software. Software adds significant value to many products and services allowing for competitive differentiation in the market. (MuÃÅ'nch, 2012) The importance of software development paradigms such as lean or model-driven software development and future software-based applications impose many challenges and demands on software development. Typically, software-intensive systems are developed with hundreds of people in teams. They perform a multitude or different activities. Systematic cooperation mechanisms are needed so as to create customer value successfully and fulfill project goals under given constraints such as deadlines budget limitations. Descriptions of process, so-called process models are, therefore, a necessary means for coordinating such endeavors. According to MuÃÅ'nch, Process models can be used to define work products, or support the management of resource requirements. (2012). Software and system development is being increasingly performed in different countries with many client-supplier relationships along the development chain. Outsourcing and nearshoring are aggravating this trend, and global software development is close to becoming the norm.Software systems have evolved from small and monolithic systems to increasingly large and distributed systems. Accordingly, composition gained greater importance because soon software engineers realized that software development could not be described as complex structures, gotten through careful application of a specific composition mechanisms. (Sacha, 2006). Software structure can be analyzed along two directions: process and product architecture. (De, 2008) From a process po int of view, composition has to do with the way software development is structured in terms of components and connections.History of Software DevelopmentIn the late 1970s, Information Technology departments running large mainframes controlled most corporate software development projects. The main frame was the infrastructure for enterprise computing environment. (Hamilton, 1999). COBOL was the language of choice, and any department willing to wait for the average Information Technology development programming backlog of more than eighteen months could have the application they wanted to be developed or modified. By then software was difficult to develop because development was so tightly controlled by a small group of people with the skills required and with access to expensive computers. Much of the perceived unresponsiveness of centralized Information organizations was not due to lack of software development skills but simple due to the software architectures imposed by COBOL and mainframes.During the early 1980s, inexpensive PCs and the popularity of simpler programming languages led to the start of Information Technology decentralization. Now even small departments with no formal Information Technology staff could afford to acquire a PC, figure out how to configure DOS files and get a member with a technical background to learn programming. All of a sudden, big business had hundreds of unofficial Information Technology departments springing up. (Hamilton, 1999). The only resources needed were a PC and plenty of floppy disks for backing up the programs.In the early 1990s, companies started to worry about centralized systems development again. Microsoft Windows replaced DOS and bought a graphical user interface to stand alone applications, along with the whole new level of programming complexity. (Hamilton, 1999). Business managers realized that stand-alone computer applications might solve the need of one department, but didnt solve the entire enterprise an d information flow problems. At that time, UNIX finally matured to the point that it brought mainframe level reliability to client-server systems. This finally helped connect some of those PC islands of automation but at a fee. MIS directors often found themselves supporting three separate development staff: for mainframe, UNIX, and PCs. Fewer computer users than ever, understood about software development and its accompanying infrastructure. Software development however continued to become very complex after the explosion of the internet in the late 1980s. Software development has always been a very complicated process, and the modification is even harder.The evolution has been consistently in the direction of increasing flexibility: from static to dynamic and from decentralized software composition. For example at the code level, monolithic program structures have evolved to functional and then object oriented program decompositions. At a more abstract level, software architecture s developed from tightly coupled composites. (Hamilton, 1999). In a similar way, software processes changed from fixed and monolithic to agile, interactive and decentralized workflows. (De, 2008).Software Life Cycle OverviewMany people are unfamiliar with the large-scale software development and view it as one-step process. A typical software life cycle includes a number of well-defined stages. Early software development followed a waterfall model. One stage was followed by another sequentially in time. (MuÃÅ'nch, 2012). At the time, if its development, the waterfall model was a large step forward in software development process and identified critical phases such as requirements engineering, software system design, coding and system testing. As organizations adopted the waterfall model, software development tasks such as requirements engineering, software system design, and coding were each done by a separate groups of people. (Hamilton, 1999). Over time, such practices brought th eir shortcomings to the waterfall model. In large companies, such a model did not foster communication between groups and in fact often prevented it. Separate requirements design and coding groups developed, but specialists in each area did not necessarily understand the technologies employed by the other project groups. (MuÃÅ'nch, 2012). Design Engineers in turn would often be misunderstood requirements and develop system models that did not meet user needs. Developers who did not like the plans handed to them made further modifications during the coding phase. Finally, test would be conducted by the inspection team in software artifacts separately.Trends in Software DevelopmentToday more and more organizations are making a web browser part of the standard desktop environments. Whether for internal usage only or with access to the entire Internet, it is hard to find a corporate desktop today without some web browser. A webtop is no more than a network computing architecture that a llows all the users functionality to be delivered via their web browser while today most pure webtop environments are deployed in single function. (Hamilton, 1999). This is an evolution versus revolutionary process. Since most corporate desktops already have a web browser today, the IT department can start deploying webtop applications at any time using existing desktop PCs. Once all the requests required by a particular user are available on webtop, the IT organization can evaluate moving to Network Computer clients and further reduce the desktop administration overhead. Many attempts at deploying client-server solutions, however, failed in part because no central group controlled al the distributed desktops that the client part of the application had to be deployed on. The main reason so many CIOs in the late 1990s have looked to solutions based on network architectures is that they allow organizations to combine some of the best mainframe and PC paradigms. (De, 2008). The technol ogies associated with new computing architectures, such as object-oriented programming and the Internet, however, come at a price for building a winning software development team is now much more difficult as IT staffs must be retrained .Contemporary Software Development ParadigmsLean and Agile software development paradigms are some of the most successful software development standards. Both seem very similar in their goal design of focusing on the customers and responding to their needs in a rapid manner. It is not understood clearly what distinguishes the two paradigms, but in order to make the best use of these standards it is important to comprehend their similarities and differences for two main reasons: Research results from principles, processes and practices shared by both models are beneficial to comprehend the importance of both paradigms. This helps in generalization and aggregation of research findings to assist in determining the benefits and limitations of both lean a nd agile at the same time. The understanding of these differences shows opportunities of how the two paradigms can complement each other. If a principle of lean is not applied in agile, it might be a valuable addition. (Dogru, 2011) This comparison is based on the general description of the paradigms. Plan-driven software development is focused on heavy documentation and the sequential execution of software development activities. The best known plan-driven development model is the waterfall model introduced by Royce in the 1970s. His intentions were to provide some structure for software development activities. As markets became more dynamic, companies needed to be able to react to changes quickly. However, the waterfall model was built upon the assumption that requirements are relatively stable. In response to the issues related to plan-driven app...

NASA Spin-Offs From Space Technology to Earth Invention

Discrimination An Understanding Of The Term Discrimination

In order to understand what theories best explain the process of discrimination it is important to have an understanding of the term discrimination. The research shows that discrimination occurs when you are treated less favourably than another person. Thompson suggests (2006, pg13) discrimination is when: ‘A person or group suffer a detriment because they are identified as different in terms of gender, race/ethnicity, and sexual identity and so on’. It could be said that Thompson is aware of the various areas of discrimination such as racism; sexism and ageism however these are only examples of how discrimination manifests itself for people and what Thompson research suggests does not look at the causal factors. As individuals we would expect to be treated fairly and as an equal. Equality is about fairness in society regardless, for example, of a person’s social background or disabilities. With the ability to recognise that historically certain groups of people with particular characteristics for example race, sexuality and religious beliefs have experienced direct discrimination. When picking up a national or local newspaper or turning on the television we see and hear examples of discrimination and oppression occurring. We can recognise some aspects of oppression but many are embedded into everyday existence and quite often go unnoticed. Where I currently work for example has no disabled access to our upstairs training room. This seriously puts an environmentalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Sex Discrimination 1597 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Discrimination involves action toward individuals on the basis of their group membership; Baron and Byrne (1994) defined discrimination as prejudice in action. Discrimination can take a very overt form (e.g., refusal to hire women into certain jobs), but in many instances, gender discrimination involves the degree to which the workplace is open to versus resistant to the participation of women. Although many discussions of gender discrimination have focused on the ways managers andRead MoreDifferent Perspectives Of Immigration And Discrimination1378 Words   |  6 Pagesdifference. As this somehow forces this individual into a category prone to discrimination as mentioned in the earlier paragraph, very little is known as to why this is the case. What is known however, is the many commonalities that continue to transpire through synchronized immigrant experiences. Moreover, the purpose of this essay, is to provide you with a three dimensional perspective of immigration and discrimination. When it comes to this subject as a whole, it is essential that we take aRead MoreRace Relations : A Resolved Issue?1644 Words   |  7 Pagesand investigate our racial assumptions. In todays’ day and age, fear is fostered in the danger of pretending to seek justice when action isn’t taken. Race relations can be resolved if we approach the problem correctly and effectively on appropriate terms. The classification of races is no simple task. Over the last couple of years, it has sparked numerous debates across the country, including disputes over natural and legal rights. Historically, racial categories in the US have been shaped by theRead MoreShould Gay Rights Be Legal?1580 Words   |  7 Pagesfor our community due to sexuality. Sexual discrimination is considering a candidate or worker unfavorably because of a person’s sex, or affiliation with a group or groups related with a specific sex. The law forbids discrimination based on sex when it comes to any aspect of employment, including hiring, firing, pay, job assignments, promotions, layoff, training, fringe benefits and any other term or condition of employment. Gender identity discrimination, on the other hand, is more specific to peopleRead MoreShc 23 - Introduction to Equality and Inclusion in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings816 Words   |  4 PagesEquality and In clusion in Health, Social Care or Children’s and Young People’s Settings 1.1 The term ‘Diversity’ means the state or fact of being diverse; different or unlike. Within equality and inclusion it is the difference between individuals and groups including: culture, nationality, ability, ethnic origin, gender, age, religion, beliefs, sexual orientation and social class. The term ‘Equality’ means the state or quality of being equal; correspondence in-quantity, degree, value, rankRead MoreThe Issues Of Discrimination And Harassment1575 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This essay explores the issues of Discrimination and Harassment, in particular, the legal obligations, protection and resources available to human service clients, within Australia and specifically Queensland. A particular level of knowledge is required by human services workers in regards to the judiciary system, legal accountabilities and statutory obligations, to provide the most appropriate level of care for clients of social workers. By describing how the legal framework is relevantRead MoreChampion equality, diversity and inclusion1712 Words   |  7 Pagesas an individual. This type of stereotyping happens when people lack knowledge about equality and inclusion. The effects of barriers to employees are also high as they are excluded from their human right. Employer can easily discriminate those in terms of race, gender, sexual orientation and culture. 1.3 Analyze the impact of legislation and policy initiatives on the promotion of equality, diversity and inclusion in own area of responsibility My work place is committed to the promotion of equalityRead MoreDisparity and Discrimination Essay790 Words   |  4 Pagesconstruction, and disparity vs. discrimination. There will be definition on these terms. After defining the all terms, I will apply these terms to the criminal justice system using examples to illustrate the understanding of the definitions. Pseudospeciation Pseudospeciation begins with the fact that cultural differences cause humans to separate into different social groups, with different language, dress, customs, ect. Erik Erikson was known as the first person to use this term in 1966 explaining theRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesstipulations and overlooks all of the federal equal employment opportunity regulations, practices and policies (â€Å"Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination Questions and Answers†). Some laws that have been passed are the Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Although some discrimination is still a problem, all of these laws have helped the United States citizens become treated more equally in the work force. The Equal PayRead MoreDiscrimination : Nature Or Nurture1399 Words   |  6 Pages Discrimination: Nature or Nurture Felicia Turner Misericordia University Abstract Unfortunately discrimination is a part of every day life all around the world. The book The Boy in the Striped Pajamas proves that discrimination is not an innate behavior; rather it is a learned behavior. This means that when a child is born, he or she does not automatically discriminate against someone that is different from them. Children that are first born learning to walk and talk think everyone

Sex, Religion, And Discrimination - 1132 Words

1. Chapter Summary Historically, there has been race, sex, religion, and many other sources of discrimination worldwide. America has come a long way in bringing justice to those who have been discriminated, and to prevent it from happening by implementing relevant policies. However, it is apparent that traces of these historical discriminations have followed us onto the new era of the 21st century. In the past few months alone, there were a few laws executed to stop inequity allowing for: †¢ Same sex marriage, and †¢ Gay/lesbian service in the military (this law is still limited to open transgender citizens) (1). Gender pay gap, is also another evidence of gender disparity. A full-time women employee earns 78 cents of every dollar a male earns, this ratio differs from one state to another and it varies from 91cents in DC to 66 cents in Louisiana(2) shows the un-uniformity among the state laws. Many people hide their gender identity in the workplace, to get recognized for their talents, because they are afraid that the gender bias may restrict their growth. In the screenshot below from Equal Employment Opportunity data analysis, it is clear that the presence of women in the workforce globally is still 40% less than men and the White race still has the majority of the jobs in the US (15). In this chapter, you will learn about different types of discrimination in the work place and how to implement effective policies to eliminate such situations. Figure 1- Workforce byShow MoreRelatedRacial Discrimination : The Act Of Making Or Perceiving A Difference1705 Words   |  7 PagesMerriam-Webster defines discrimination as, â€Å"the act of making or perceiving a difference† (Discrimination, 2017.) Does your skin color impact the quality of your work or the fortitude your resolve? It may seem that the answer to that question is quite clear, nonetheless, 32,309 cases of race/color discrimination were reported in fascial year 2016 (EEOC, 2017.) Prejudice and discrimination are often mistaken for one another, however, prejudice is the negative attitude toward a category of peopleRead MoreWorkplace Discrimination Essay examples1339 Words   |  6 PagesWorkplace Discrimination Discrimination occurs when an employee suffers from unfavorable or unfair treatment due to their race, religion, national origin, disabled or veteran status, or other legally protected characteristics. Employees who have suffered reprisals for opposing workplace discrimination or for reporting violations to the authorities are also considered to be discriminated against. Federal law prohibits discrimination in work-related areas, such as recruiting, hiring, job evaluationsRead MoreConsumer Discrimination And Sexual Orientation Based Discrimination1162 Words   |  5 PagesEarlier this year, the concepts of consumer discrimination and sexual orientation based discrimination have come to a forefront in American politics and should be dealt with through federal legislation (Payne, 2015). Two arguments which can be used to argue on the side of discrimination are the First Amendment used in tandem with corporate personhood and the First Amendment used on its own. I argue, however, that c orporate personhood is not a legitimate argument nor is the First Amendment groundsRead MoreReligious Persecution At Work?1434 Words   |  6 Pagesjail for refusing to issue same-sex marriage licenses. Since our country has a great diversity, employers may decide to hire their employees from a great variety of countries and different religious backgrounds. In an ideal work environment, the religious beliefs of a given employee, or the employer, do not have a conflict. Each individual is free to believe as he or she chooses and, as the work gets done right, neither of them will encounter difficulty with religion. However, in the real world,Read MoreThe Legalization Of Gay Marriage1749 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Gay Marriage: A Step to Equality Imagine a world where heterosexuals are the minority. Straight people would be the ones fighting for the same rights as homosexuals. Same-sex marriages would be average and normal, while straight marriages would be frowned upon and considered unholy in the eyes of religion. Heterosexuals would be denied service at restaurants because of their sexuality, they would be called derogatory names while holding their partner’s hand and most importantly, theyRead MoreCivil Rights And Civil Liberties1157 Words   |  5 Pageswithout the discrimination. 1 â€Å"American liberals believe that both civil liberties and civil rights are harmonious aspects of a basic commitment to human rights† (‘The case of Discriminatory Verbal Harassment’). It gave right to every citizen of the country to live freely without the government interfere. Civil right and Civil liberties has benefited and protected citizen in different way. Civil rights are the right which is focused on the rights of equality against the discrimination done on theRead MoreWhy The Women Of Wall Street Are Disappearing1132 Words   |  5 Pagesmeeting the qualifications, thus an example of discrimination. The employer can discriminate for race, sex, gender, origin, or disability. According to the business dictionary, discrimination is illustrated as a â€Å"bias or prejudice resulting in denial of opportunity, or unfair treatment regarding selection, promotion, or transfer. Discrimination is preformed commonly on the grounds of age, disability, ethnicity, origin, political belief, race, religion, sex, etc. factors which are irrelevant to a personRead MoreEqual Employment Opportunity Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesstipulations and overlooks all of the federal equal employment opportunity regulations, practices and policies (â€Å"Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination Questions and Answers†). Some laws that have been passed are the Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Although some discrimination is still a problem, all of these laws have helped the United States citizens become treated more equally in the work force. The Equal PayRead MoreWorkplace Discrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthey possess. Unfortunately, prejudice and discrimination occur even in places which, by definition, should be free of all personal prejudices – specifically, in offices and other business surroundings. This tragedy is called workplace discrimination; not every unfair behavior at work, however, can be assessed as discrimination. Discrimination in the workplace happens when an employee experiences unfair treatment due to their race, gender, age, religion, marital status, national origin, disabilityRead MoreBusiness Ethics, Its Current Practices And Various Aspects1388 Words   |  6 Pagesits current practices and various aspects: Discrimination related to the employment in the businesses is one of the major ethical issues nowadays. It creates many problems in the workplace and can reduce the motivation level, loyalty and commitment with the firms. Discrimination on workplace can be defined as the imbalanced or unequal treatment with employees based on biases. This biasness may be based on age, sex, race, ethnicity, nation, language, religion and disability of employees etc. It is the

The Young High School Student Essay - 1757 Words

Throughout the novel Friendswood, many different perspectives of one town are approached and described through separate narrators in the story. Each character brings a different point of view, looking at the events occurring throughout the novel in many different ways. Because of these different narrations and points of view, the reader is able to learn more about each character individually, learning how and why the events affect that character. Even though Dex has a smaller role in the novel, the young high school student brings his own interpretation of events in a very different way than many of the other characters. Dex is a unique character because he does not seem to have any personal connections to the events that occurred in Rosemont years before. However, despite his lack of connections to past events, Dex’s character is unique and substantial to the plot. His personality and actions throughout the novel are directly influenced by his parent’s divorce, forcing him to take on mature responsibilities at a young age. Dex’s age, lifestyle, and personality sets him apart from the other characters in the novel. He brings the novel into his young world when he introduces his life, one that seems to be distant and different from all other characters in the story. He reveals a lot about himself in the very first line of his section, stating that he lives in trailer with no sense of insecurity. He does not sugar coat his life or paint it in a better light than itShow MoreRelatedBuilding A Space Where Student And School Success Are Measured Not Only By Standardized Test Scores930 Words   |  4 Pagesspace where student and school success are measured not only by standardized test scores but by the impact of community uplift. The vision of the Upset the Setup Academy is to establish a school for fourteen to eighteen year old students grounded in identity, community, and service as the pillars of learning, that leverages student experimentat ion, trust, and shared access to power and decision-making. This will be a place where students defined as at-risk by the traditional school system willRead MoreFinding A Balance Between Healthcare And High School1730 Words   |  7 PagesFinding a Balance between Healthcare and High School The problem between physical fitness and high school is very clear. Learning how to better incorporate physical fitness in high school will set the tone and aid one for overall health in the future. Physical fitness is mandatory because the balance between health and high school will equal each other. â€Å"Regular physical activity is an essential component of personal and public health programs and is associated with reduced risk for specific healthRead MoreDropping Out Of High School1696 Words   |  7 Pages The issue of dropping out of high school were discussed as early as 1927 in literatures according to (Christle, Jolivette, and Nelson 2007). During that era, dropout was called â€Å"school- leaving† and was considered to be a psychological problem based on interest and attitudes. Young people were considered as restless and needing the freedom to explore new interests. If schools did not meet their needs, there was the likelihood that these teenagers will drop o ut (Christle, Jolivette, and NelsonRead MoreMentoring Program At The High School Level859 Words   |  4 PagesTowards the culmination into adulthood, young adults experience a transition from middle school to high school. When students transition from middle school to high school, things change as they head into adulthood, there are several new social and academic adjustments ahead. Such as, peer pressures, navigating a new environment, bigger challenges with classes and homework, and peer pressure. Schools often try to develop programs that will help students successfully make this transition. One toolRead MoreEconomic Development Of The United States1188 Words   |  5 Pagestowards Government and authority. Ethnic – According to the Virginia Census the Population of Bedford is right around 68,676 people. The School is predominantly white (85%), then Black (8%), Asian (3%), Hispanic (2%), and two or more races (2%). This will reveal different historical influences on the students 1, Brookville High School and E.C. Glass High School Economic – The Median household income according to the U.S. Census is around $47,162. The average house costs around $150,300 in the CampbellRead MoreMusic And Its Effect On Students1202 Words   |  5 Pageseveryday life, it is starting to decline in the nation’s schools. Although music does not seem as important as other core classes such as math and English, it is often forgotten that music impacts students in ways that applies to their core classes. From a young age, music develops skills that are needed to be successful throughout children’s school careers, their postsecondary endeavors, and their adult lives. Music begins impacting students who are in early childhood education by teaching phonologicalRead MoreToo Much Pressure On American Teenagers1049 Words   |  5 Pagesteenagers are being pressured on graduating high school and going directly to college. Parents and counselors have such high expectations for teens that the students are unable to focus on going to college. Teenagers face many factors that cause pressure to go to college: worries about keeping up, fear of failure, feeling of stress and anxiety, social pressures academic pressure, human influences, the economy, and college itself . Pressure to succeed has gotten to high levels and is only becoming more difficultRead MoreSexual Education And Sex Ed1697 Words   |  7 PagesSexual education (sex ed) in public schools has long been a controversial and debated topic in society. There are several questions when it comes to approaching sex ed in schools. These questions include: appropriate age for introducing sex ed; shou ld sex ed be mandatory or optional; and whether sex ed programs should be comprehensive or abstinence-based. Sex ed is a necessary subject to teach in schools. It should be appropriate to the grade level and taught in a knowledgeable, unbiased manner.Read MoreThe Cuckoo s Effect On Adolescent Minds1440 Words   |  6 Pagespermitted in certain schools. Considering the great value in this novel, there is some controversy as to whether the book should be banned from school curricula. The age of the students studying this book plays an important role in whether reading Kesey s novel is appropriate for middle school students. Although the vulgarity and profanity present in One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest is questionable for middle schoolers, it serves as quality reading material for high school students because of the positiveRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School888 Words   |  4 Pagesmiddle school, high school. Some high school graduates may consider those four years the best ye ars of their life because of the minimal stress and care free living. The purpose that high school serves in the twenty first century is to prepare students for college. A few minor reasons for high school are preparation for the workforce, community building, and socialization. With approximately only twenty five percent of freshmen classes graduating, the high school education is in danger. A high school

Csr Framework Free Essays

Theoretical Framework: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Definition CSR is a much broader concept than business ethics. Business ethics is the application of ethics and ethical theory to the decision of business. CSR claims that businesses are more than just profit-seeking entities and, therefore, also have any obligation to benefit society. We will write a custom essay sample on Csr Framework or any similar topic only for you Order Now CSR is about business and other organizations going beyond the legal obligation to manage the impact they have on the environment and society. In particular, this could include how organizations interact with their employees, suppliers, customers and the community in which they operate, as well as the extent they attempt to protect the environment. Nature According to Carroll’s four-part model, corporate social responsibility encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic expectations [placed on organizations by society at a given point in time. Motivation To be corporate social responsible, businesses must go beyond profit-making to be responsible for a variety of stakeholder groups other than focusing exclusively on investors. It is applicable to both large corporations and SMEs. The firm goes beyond compliance and engages in ‘actions that appear to further some social good, belongs to the interests of the firm and that which is required by law’. Outcome The outcome of CSR includes financial performance, corporate reputation – brand image, employee commitment, cost saving, customers, government, and competitiveness. Components There are six stakeholder groups considered as the most important influence factors in terms of corporations’ social responsibility. They are shown as followings: Customer responsibility practices It demonstrates customer commitment by providing high quality service that includes complete information, responding to customer complaints, and adapting products and services to enhance customer satisfaction. Employee responsibility practices This element includes equitable employee selection, promotion, and compensation practices, supporting employee educational development, and helping employees attain work-family life balance. Investor responsibility practices It encompasses the factors related to seeking investor input on strategic decisions, responding to investor needs and requests, and providing all investors with a competitive return on their investment. Supplier responsibility practices It focuses on developing long-term collaborative supplier relationships founded on open communication and information sharing, cooperative goal- and decision-making, and offering suppliers price guarantees for the future. Community responsibility practices It demonstrates voluntary commitment to improve the quality of life in their local communities by giving resources to local charities, and sponsoring cultural, sports, and education programs. Environmental responsibilities It integrates environmental sustainability goals and objectives in organizational operations. It is typified by voluntarily exceeding government environmental regulations, implementing environmental management systems. Influence Factors There are two types of Influence Factors in CSR, which are Macro Factors and Micro Factors. Macro Factors are the external elements affecting CSR strategy development of the company whereas Micro Factors are those internal elements having effect on CSR strategy decision making of the company. Macro Factors can be the environmental factors such as Political, Economical, Social and Technological elements. On the other hand, Micro factors can be Firm size, Budget, Top management commitment, Decision maker morality and Company culture. How to cite Csr Framework, Papers

Market segmentation of Wesfarmers Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Market segmentation of Wesfarmers. Answer: Market Segmentation Market segmentation refers to the process that is used in the division of a broad customer base or the business market that consists of the various potential as well as the existing customers of the concerned business organization. The market is divided into the various sub-groups or sub-divisions that are known as the segments of the concern. The division is generally based on the various platforms that seem to be common among the members who have been clubbed under one single category (Guo et al., 2013). These factors might include the similarity in the lifestyles of the people or in the demographic profiles of the concerned people. The other matters that are included in these factors are the common interests and the shared needs of the concerned members of the society. The major aim of the process of the segmentation is to put forth the creation and the identification of the various high yield segments of the market wherein the concerned company might have been operating. These hi gh yield segments generally refer to the various areas that demonstrate the most likeliness in the profitability of the concern or might display the greater potential for the growth in the future. The major motive behind the selection of these areas is to pay special attention to these areas so that they might help the concerned company to grow in the positive direction (Rogerson, 2013). The segmentation of the market is generally based on various factors that might include the following. The resources of the company The company might put forth the implementation of a competitive and the effective segmentation plan in the cases whenever there is a restriction in the amount of the resources that the concerned company might introduce. The variability of the products Themarketing approach of the products might be dependent on the uniformity and the differentiability of the various products that are manufactured by the concerned company (Kiel, 2014). The life-cycle of the products The segmentation of the products tends to be necessary during the time wherein the company might have to deal with a huge number of the competitors for the concerned products. The characteristics of the operational market The company needs to put forth the variety in the segmentation of themarketing approach wherein the various clients do depict the difference in their tastes. Competition in the market The concerned company might need to depict the various segmentation approaches in the market wherein the competitors of the organization tend to put forth the application of the various segmentation approaches in order to strengthen their client base (Zolnowski, Wei Bohmann, 2014). The segmentation of the concerned market might be dependent on the various factors like the factors that are related to the demography of the concerned market, the geographical location of the concerned market, the psychographical conditions of the customer and the behavioral tendencies of the given customers (Jary Wileman, 2016). These factors tend to have a huge impact on the market segmentation approaches that are followed by the various business organizations. The behavioral segmentation of the organization helps the company to deal with the various target clients on the basis of the behavior that they tend to put forth while purchasing a certain product or service. According to certain marketers, it might be said that the behavioral factors that are related to the segmentation of the concerned market are of higher value than the various matters that pertain to the demographical and the geographical factors that are necessary for the segmentation of the concerned market of the organization. The various factors that might be termed as the behavioral factors include the occasion of the purchase, the benefit that the concerned customer might seek from the concerned product or service, the status of the concerned user, the frequency of the purchase by the concerned buyer, the loyalty of the concerned client, the readiness of the concerned buyer, the attitude of the concerned client to the concerned service or product and the status of adoption that is demonstrated by the concerned client towards the product or service (Laudon Traver, 2013). The behavioral segmentation as displayed by the Australian retail magnet, Wesfarmers, deals with the shoppers who majorly tend to buy the grocery items. The retail magnet is also observed to be catering to the various members who tend to shop for the products that are related to the products that might be needed for meeting the various requirements of the household and the lifestyle that is led by the concerned members of the clientele. The retail magnet, operative majorly on Australia, might also need to deal with the various shoppers who might be requiring the various parts that are needed for the proper functioning of the automobiles that are owned by the concerned company. The demographic segmentation of the market depends upon the various demographical variables that are exhibited by the various clients of the concerned organization. The experts who have been advocating for the demographic segmentation are of the opinion that the clients belonging to the demographic profile that bear similarity to each other might demonstrate similarity in their purchase patterns, interests, lifestyles and their motivational factors. These, according to the experts might in turn lead to the similarity in the preferences of the brands, products and the services that the various companies offer in the given market (Han et al., 2014). The various factors that might be considered to be the demographic factors might include the factors that pertain to the age of the client, the family size of the concerned client, the socio-economic status of the concerned clients, the financial status of the concerned client, the educational attainment of the concerned client, the marital status of the client, the ethnicity of the client, the religious background of the clients and other such factors. The demographic segmentation of the concerned company might require the intervention of the census collectors of the government and at times the various governmental bodies that deal with the records of the citizens of the country (Weinstein Cahill, 2014). The demographic segmentation of the company might also be affected by the geographical segmentation of the country. The demographic segmentation of the company might use numerous amounts of the variables that might be related to the demography of the concerned country. The geographical segmentation of the company might relate to the segmentation of the clients on the basis of the geographical criteria of the land. The geographical matters that might be used to segment the markets might broadly segment the markets on the basis of the countries wherein the client base if located and in the narrower spectrum might refer to the various neighborhoods and the postal codes of the areas wherein there is the majority of the target customers of the country (Wilkinson, 2013). The geographical matters pertaining to the segmentation of the client base of the company might be combined with the demographic factors in order to provide for better detailing of the target client profiles of the concerned company, Wesfarmers in this case. The psychographic segmentation of the client base of the concerned company might refer to the segmentations that are based on the activities, the interests and the opinions that are maintained by the clientele of the concerned organization. The psychographic segmentation of the clientele is at times referred to as the lifestyle or the psychometric segmentation of the concerned client base of the organization. The psychographic segmentation is generally based on the preferences of the clients in terms of the ways that they choose in order to spend their leisure hours and the various external factors that might influence their decisions and preferences. The majority of the companies tend to abide by the psychographic segmentation of their clientele since it helps them in the identification of the market segment and thus helps them in forming a better understanding of the various matters that serve to be motivations for the given clientele of the concern. Market Targeting The market targeting generally refers to the process of the selection of the target market from the entire market that exists for the concerned market. The target market of the concerned company might relate to the various groups of the clients the needs of whom the company aims to meet. The target market of the industry mostly includes the clients of company towards whom the various products are targeted, for whom the price of the concerned product is defined (Weinstein, 2014). The promotional activities are also directed towards this chosen potential clientele of the company. The various distributional channels of the company are also directed to the various chosen clientele of the concerned business organization. The activity of the market targeting might refer to the evaluation of the various segments of the market and thereafter choosing the most appropriate segment of the market that is best suited for the concerned business organization. Therefore, the market targeting might b e defined as the activity of the division of the entire market into the various segments, the evaluation of the concerned segments and the selection of the most appropriate segment of the market as the target market of the concerned company (Hjort et al., 2013). The targeting of the market might involve a number of steps that are necessary for the selection of the most appropriate segment of the market that might help in the growth of the profits that are earned by the company. The process of the targeting of the market involves the conduction of the various explorative interviews that are to be conducted by the concerned research team of the concerned company in order to put forth an identification of the various factors that lead to the changes in the attitude, behavior and the motivations of the concerned customers (Lukic, 2013). The researchers are then advised to apply the analysis of the various factors in order to bring about a removal of the variables that tend to display a high correlation among themselves. This step is generally followed by the application of the analysis of the various clusters which help in the creation of the specification in the number of the segments that might be hugely different from each other. The final step involved in the process of the market targeting deals with the profiling of the concerned cluster in terms of the various distinguishable factors like the attitudes of the concerned clients, the behavior of the concerned clients, the demographics of the concerned clientele of the company that belong to the cluster, the psychographics that is displayed by the concerned group of the clients and the various patterns of the media that the concerned clientele might have access to. In case of the concerned company, the target group of the clients that the company in discussion, Wesfarmers wants to serve are the various shoppers that seek the convenience in the matters that are related to their shopping. The various matters that might affect the target group of the customers relate to the variety of the products that are available at the retail stores that are managed by the concerned retail magnet of the country. In order to attract the various clients who, belong to the appropriate segments of the clientele, the company tends to offer various amounts of discounts and other complimentary services to the chosen clientele. Market positioning The market positioning refers to the place that is occupied by the concerned brand in the minds of the concerned clientele of the company. The positioning of the company might also refer to the factors that help in distinguishing the products of the concerned brand from those that are marketed by the competitors of the concerned organization (Varley, 2014). The companies are often observed to put forth the various distinguishing factors that help their products to stand out among the huge number of the products that are available in the market wherein the concerned business organization might be operating (Pantano, 2014). The market positioning of the company might also deal with the ways that are used by the organization in order to promote the various unique features of the products that are marketed by the company (Neirotti, Raguseo Paolucci, 2016). This strategy might also be used by the concerned company in order to help in the creation of a long-lasting and suitable image of t he brand that might help the company to strengthen its foot hold in the concerned market of the country (Vize et al, 2013). The market positioning of the concerned organization might also help the concern in its primary step to enter the foreign markets in the concerned industry. The company in discussion, Wesfarmers is one of the major retail magnets that has been functional in the retail market of Australia. The company majorly deals with the various diversified materials that are needed in the fields of the chemicals, fertilizers, industrial as well as safety products. However, the major involvement of the company is observed in the fields of retail. The major competitors of the concern are the various retail stores that are owned by companies such as Coles, Bunnings Warehouse, Kmart, Target and Officeworks (Wesfarmers.com.au, 2018). The company in discussion, Wesfarmers however is considered to be one of major retail market dealers of the country. The strengths of the concerned company lie in the matters that pertain to the providing the clientele of the company with the needed convenience in the matters that deal with the shopping experience of the concerned shoppers of the company. The company is also known among its clientele for the great amount of th e aftersales service that it extends to the concerned clientele of the company (Moatti et al., 2015). The company is also known for the importance that the company extends to the customers of the organization in terms of the performance of the products and the quality of these products. The perceptual map of a company generally refers to the diagrammatic representation of the mental image of the company that is registered in the minds of the concerned customers regarding the placement of the various brands and companies that are operating within the company (Armstrong et al., 2014). The perceptual map of Wesfarmers as shown above reveals that the concerned company is at an advantageous position in the Australian market. The organization might face some competition on the higher levels from the other retail chain organizations like Coles, Bunnings Warehouse and Target. The company might try to expand in the global market and in the developing countries wherein they might get hold of an attractive target client base. The company in discussion, is advised to keep an eye out on the increase in the competition in the retail markets of Australia. The company might avoid the high competition due to the pricing strategy that is maintained by the competitors of the organization. The company might aim to provide their consumers with the higher quality products at reasonable prices that are low in comparison with the price that is set by the competitors of the same (Nagra Gopal, 2013). The company might also be advised to innovate upon the products that already exist within the Australian market as well as the global market. This might help the company to attract higher amounts of the customers and thereby bring about a huge change in the financial profits of the concerned company as a result helping the concerned company to grow both financially and in terms of the client base that it holds. References Armstrong, G., Adam, S., Denize, S., Kotler, P. (2014).Principles of marketing. Pearson Australia. Guo, X., Ling, L., Yang, C., Li, Z., Liang, L. (2013). Optimal pricing strategy based on market segmentation for service products using online reservation systems: An application to hotel rooms.International Journal of Hospitality Management,35, 274-281. Han, S., Ye, Y., Fu, X., Chen, Z. (2014). Category role aided market segmentation approach to convenience store chain category management.Decision Support Systems,57, 296-308. Hjort, K., Lantz, B., Ericsson, D., Gattorna, J. (2013). Customer segmentation based on buying and returning behaviour.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,43(10), 852-865. Jary, M., Wileman, A. (2016).Retail power plays: From trading to brand leadership. Springer. Kiel, I. H. (2014). Entrepreneurial marketing. Laudon, K. C., Traver, C. G. (2013).E-commerce. Pearson. Lukic, R. (2013). Sustainable cost management in retail.Revista de Management Comparat International,14(2), 268. Moatti, V., Ren, C. R., Anand, J., Dussauge, P. (2015). Disentangling the performance effects of efficiency and bargaining power in horizontal growth strategies: An empirical investigation in the global retail industry.Strategic Management Journal,36(5), 745-757. Nagra, G., Gopal, R. (2013). An study of Factors Affecting on Online Shopping Behavior of Consumers.International journal of scientific and research publications,3(6), 1-4. Neirotti, P., Raguseo, E., Paolucci, E. (2016). Are customers reviews creating value in the hospitality industry? Exploring the moderating effects of market positioning.International Journal of Information Management,36(6), 1133-1143. Pantano, E. (2014). Innovation drivers in retail industry.International Journal of Information Management,34(3), 344-350. Rogerson, J. M. (2013). Market segmentation and the changing budget hotel industry in urban South Africa.Urbani izziv,24(2), 112-123. Varley, R. (2014).Retail product management: buying and merchandising. Routledge. Vize, R., Coughlan, J., Kennedy, A., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2013). Technology readiness in a B2B online retail context: An examination of antecedents and outcomes.Industrial Marketing Management,42(6), 909-918. Weinstein, A. (2014). Target market selection in B2B technology markets.Journal of Marketing Analytics,2(1), 59-69. Weinstein, A., Cahill, D. J. (2014).Lifestyle market segmentation. Routledge. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2018).The Wesfarmers Way.Wesfarmers.com.au. Retrieved 4 April 2018, from https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/who-we-are/the-wesfarmers-way Wilkinson, F. (Ed.). (2013).The dynamics of labour market segmentation. Elsevier. Zolnowski, A., Wei, C., Bohmann, T. (2014, January). Representing Service Business Models with the Service Business Model Canvas--The Case of a Mobile Payment Service in the Retail Industry. Insystem sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 718-727). IEEE.

What Is The Expression Theory Of Art Essay Example For Students

What Is The Expression Theory Of Art Essay Art has evolved and regenerated itself many times during our human existence. These differences are defined through changes in styles under various theories. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century, a style known as Expressionism became popular. During this movement the artists were trying to use their artwork as a tool of expression toward life. It was mainly dominant in the nonrepresentational arts, such as abstract visual arts and music. It also was probably one of the most difficult movements to understand because the whole point of the piece lay within the artist. Not only was it a movement, it defined the act of art as a whole. From the beginning of time, each work of art, excluding replicas, show a way of expressing ones self. Every artist puts a piece of his or herself into their artwork. Who really is to determine what that work of art was meant to express? One might ask, Since most artwork is used as a way for an artist to express him or herself, what makes this expression period anything special? On the general level Expressionistic art, whether literature, painting, music, or cinema, often involves intense psychic disturbance and distortion in the perspective adopted by the artwork. We will write a custom essay on What Is The Expression Theory Of Art specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It is remote from the objective or realistic portrayals of the world, as well as from the happier emotions. To bring a more defined meaning to the overall theory of expressionism, two philosophers play a large role. The first notarized expressionistic philosopher was the Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy who was followed by his counterpart R. G. Collingwood: a twentieth-century English philosopher. Together they hold the two best known expositions of the expression theory. What make these two analyzers important is not what they agreed on, but rather on how they contrasted. They both conclude that during the expression theory, the main concern was to express emotion. The one question that draws the two apart is What does it mean to express an emotion? They attempt to conclude this question, by providing the answers to a few others. What the nature of art is? Why we make and appreciate art? Why the arts are so valuable? The best way to go about describing their thoughts is to state one of the thinkers discoveries followed by a thorough investigation of the seconds, beginning with Leo Tolstoy. He begins his argument by trying to decide what is the value of art? How do we determine its value to the public, since art is a social aspect of life? For Tolstoy, the value of art comes from the function art serves in society and in human historical development. Art appears in everything that lives and should have the force to bring people together as a community. For him expressionism in art is a means of communication, in such as a language. Therefore, language can be described as a form of art under the theory of expressionism. Speech transmits the thoughts and experiences of mankind, serving as a means of expression among them; art also acts in a similar manner by sharing emotions. If people could not be affected by art, we would still be in the era of savagery. Referring back to the author of our book, John Fisher, emotional communication is essential to art. Fisher also states that too much harnessed emotion will tend to lower the value of art. What can we define as art and what can we exclude? For Tolstoy, a piece to be considered art must surpass a few requirements. First, the piece of work must express deep and unique feeling and emotion. Second, the artist must intentionally produce an external artwork, which transmits feeling and emotions to the audience. Finally, the artwork must portray the same emotions that the author intended. The only one of these that can fall short of being perfect, is the final one, for which in this case, the artwork is just considered unsuccessful. Here the objective reality is the inner feelings of the artist to be communicated to the external receptor through the piece of art. .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b , .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b .postImageUrl , .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b , .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b:hover , .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b:visited , .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b:active { border:0!important; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b:active , .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u77174049fd47513d96ac31f3e1ff115b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Supernatural Forces cause the Fall of Man in Macbe EssayIt all centralizes to emotions vs. non-art. Using the chain link format, fitted with Tolstoys theory, the Nature of Art can be split into extending categories. Under Tolstoys theory, the immediate Nature of Art would be the intuitive expression impact the work has over the audience. Following, would be the artists feelings and the arts universality. Here the value of art is in its enrichment of man culturally. If you view this all in a combined sense, art equals language, which equals the sharing of our emotional lives. Therefore there is an external objective that needs to be viewed by our senses unintentionally. This is how the artist and the audience becomes one. An example of this could be shown through music. If you put music into a three stage event, you would have the musician (who is expressing the externalized formulation), then the music as reflective emotions (the artwork), and finally the audience (the expressive emotion). Tolstoy views the arousal view as requiring prior knowledge of their own emotions before expressing them, not spontaneous. This leads to emotional understanding vs. ntellectual understanding. Collingwoods theory on the other hand states sees the expression of art in the exploration of disposition and emotional experience from a particular perspective; the experience of art is neither the calculated arousal of emotion in an audience nor the pre-established formulization of culture. Collingwood sees real emotion as individual and contextual. This concept conflicts with the arousal methods that are planned. For him, both the artist and the audience are equals. For Tolstoy the audience is essential to expression. Collingwood sees expression as a relationship between the artists feelings and the artwork. The audience is not necessary for the artist to express his or her emotions. Collingwood has a theory of his own, which he calls Corruptions of Consciousness. Here the emotion is not honest and understood as a statement by the artist or with the audience that does not want to willingly experience the emotion. Art can also be individualistic, where any gesture or efforts by anyone at any given time if conceived and understood in a correct manner can be considered art. Are emotions the creator of art? For a piece of artwork to be successful, does everyone in the audience have to feel the same emotions? Can one have negative emotions toward a work and it still be considered art? For Collingwood the same artwork can have different expressive qualities. For example, the same work of art can share expressive qualities of gaiety, melancholy, and anxiety. It can be forceful and even portray serenity. These different emotions are necessary in order to make moral assessments of the world. For this art acts as a metaphor, which needs not express deep feelings in order to be successful. Feelings are relative to emotions, which are either true or false. As Jerrold Levingson points out, there is a paradox in supposing that we experience real emotions when we experience artworks. Many of the emotions identified with artworks are unpleasant. Why would we seek out these emotions in art if we avoid them in real life? Yet we do seek out artworks that involve negative emotions. This paradox constitutes an objection to Tolstoys version of expression theory since Tolstoy does propose that genuine art actually moves the audience to feel the emotions that the artist attempts to convey. You can divide Levinsons emotional theory into two separate components: the cognitive and the effectual. The cognitive would be initiated with belief, followed by ones attitude and desire and then finally evaluated. The effectual components are the comprehensive feelings that occur; these are correspondent real life events. If the music does not evoke a real emotional response in a listener, according to this school of thought, this response should be considered inappropriate. No matter whose view you take they all have their faults. Making a theory on art is not the same as making a theory in science. With science you have guidelines that can be proven. There are very few guidelines in art that can be backed up by fact. The ideal of defining a theory in art is based on emotions as well. Both Tolstoy and Collingwood are using their emotions in order to judge other emotions. .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 , .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 .postImageUrl , .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 , .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6:hover , .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6:visited , .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6:active { border:0!important; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6:active , .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6 .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5ca8b1daa03729507f137d0fc4db6d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poverty On The Rise EssayIf I were forced to pick a philosopher to side with, I would probably lean toward Collingwood, since he leaves more area for variety. He places more of the wealth of the emotional art within the artist themselves rather than a third party. If it were totally up to me I would leave the decision on whether a work is good or not between the artist and whomever was viewing it at that time. What I might think as a good piece of work and what might evoke emotions in me might not do the same for another who might consider themselves experts, but does that really make my opinion less valuable?

The Essential Secrets Of Effective Political Persuasive Essay Topics

The Essential Secrets Of Effective Political Persuasive Essay TopicsPolitical persuasive essay topics can be overwhelming at times and it is all well and good for those with no experience in writing, but most people with a background in education, especially in a teaching environment will have plenty of experience in preparing essays. So as much as possible try to stick to topics that have already been covered in a high school class or college course.Another important aspect to look at when creating political persuasion essay topics is the words you use. The words that you use have an immense impact on the way the essay is received by readers. Here are some key words to consider:I use quotes when I am quoting a work, so be sure to use them when using your own quotes, too. When you use quotes, they are used more positively than when you use only a quote and no source. This can often make the reader feel like you've taken a side, and this can make them think twice about your points.You want to use powerful words, especially in this essay, because if the reader gets a sense that you are trying to sell them something, they will automatically turn away from your text. Instead use neutral language. For example, instead of using the phrase 'The Government failed,' you can use 'The Federal Government failed.'Use easy words, too, such as 'they failed.' And if you are going to use a title for your article, use the one that is appropriate.Another aspect to think about when writing political, persuasive essay topics is how the writer's writing style works. If you are a writer who enjoys writing about politics and you feel that this topic is not your forte, then try to stick to subjects that you already know something about.You may find that these persuasive essay topics can help you to write with authority and success. Good luck!

Simple Essayer (to Try) French Verb Conjugations

Simple Essayer (to Try) French Verb Conjugations The French verb  essayer  means to try. Its a simple word that can easily be confused with  essuyer  (to wipe), so be sure to look and listen for that A in  essayer. In order to place  essayer  into the past, present, or future tense, the verb needs to be conjugated. Just follow along in this lesson and youll be saying tried and trying in French before you know it. Conjugating the French Verb  Essayer​​ Essayer  is an  optional stem-changing verb. Typically with verbs that end in -yer, the Y has to change to an I in certain forms. The rules are a little more casual with  essayer  as youll see in the table. When there are two forms of the conjugation, you can use either. The stem of  essayer  is  essay-. To this, a variety of infinitive endings is added that conform with the subject pronoun as well as the tense of the sentence. For instance, I try is jessaie or jessaye. Similarly, there are two options for we will try: nous essaierons or nous essayerons. All this leaves you with many words to memorize. The good news is that there are many opportunities to practice it and use  essayer  as you try things throughout your day. Subject Present Future Imperfect j essaieessaye essaieraiessayerai essayais tu essaiesessayes essaierasessayeras essayais il essaieessaye essaieraessayera essayait nous essayons essaieronsessayerons essayions vous essayez essaierezessayerez essayiez ils essaientessayent essaierontessayeront essayaient The Present Participle of  Essayer The  present participle  of essayer is  essayant. This is as simple as adding -ant  to the verb stem. Not only does it work as a verb, it can also become an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  past participle  essayà ©Ã‚  is used to form the  passà © composà ©, a common past tense form of tried in French. To use this, youll also need to conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir. For example, I tried is jai essayà © and we tried is nous avons essayà ©. More Simple  Essayer  Conjugations to Know When the action of trying is in some way questionable, you can turn to the subjunctive verb mood. Similarly, if its dependent on something, the conditional verb mood is used. With less frequency, you will come across the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. These are mostly found in formal writing  and will help considerably with reading comprehension. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j essaieessaye essaieraisessayerais essayai essayasse tu essaiesessayes essaieraisessayerais essayas essayasses il essaieessaye essaieraitessayerait essaya essayt nous essayions essaierionsessayerions essaymes essayassions vous essayiez essaieriezessayeriez essaytes essayassiez ils essaientessayent essaieraientessayeraient essayrent essayassent To use  essayer  in commands or direct requests, turn to the imperative verb form. When using this, the subject pronoun is not required: use essaie instead of tu essaie. Imperative (tu) essaieessaye (nous) essayons (vous) essayez

How To Quit A Job You Just Started

How To Quit A Job You Just Started You did everything right and landed the job. Trouble is, through no fault of your own, it’s just not what you expected it would be. You’re suddenly desperate not to work there anymore, but you’re worried that you’re stuck. You don’t want to anger your new colleagues or boss. You don’t want to risk being blacklisted from future positions at the company. You don’t want to bring your educational institution a bad name. And you definitely don’t want to be seen as a quitter. What if you get to your next job and feel the same way? You can’t just keep bailing after week one! These are all things to think through if you find yourself in an unhappy situation. But do bear in mind that there are other considerations. You won’t be as happy, fulfilled, challenged, or productive at an unfulfilling job. Getting out now, once you can see the unpleasant future spilling out before you, might just save both you and your boss a lot of trouble and mental waste.If you do decide to quit, be absolutely sure before you do. That’s the most important factor in deciding whether to breach decorum and cut your losses before you’ve even gotten situated in a new position. The second most important thing is to exit gracefully.Here’s how:Resign tactfully.Don’t burn any bridges. Do what you can to keep these contacts. And do it in person. This is not the time for letters or emails (though you should have a formal resignation letter ready to go after you meet to discuss with your boss). You owe it to your supervisor to explain why you are bailing- particularly after so much joint effort to get you on board.Be honest and apologetic.Don’t make weak  excuses that you think will make your boss feel empathy for you. Give the real reason, or the closest to it you can get, and still remain tactful. Be genuinely sorry for the inconvenience, and pivot to showing how this is best for the company and y our quitting is actually something of a selfless act. If you’re the wrong fit for this job, it’s your moral duty to speak up and say so before wasting time and resources.Give proper notice.You’ll want to do this with plenty of time for them to find someone else. You should even offer, if at all possible, to stay until they find and train your replacement. This could be great for you if you don’t have an alternative job lined up- use the time to find another one! Remember, you are inconveniencing them, and should behave accordingly.Consider that you might be asked to stay.In most cases, you’ll be given a bunch of reasons to stay. Ask yourself before you speak to your boss whether there are any conditions that, if changed, would make you actually want to stay. Have an answer prepared either way.Think harder next time.Don’t beat yourself up. But do let this be a lesson that you should really consider all angles of a new job before accepting it. Saving yourself the embarrassment and a whole lot of extra uncertainty and work.

The Case against Money and Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Case against Money and Happiness - Essay Example The Easterlin Paradox was first published by Richard Easterlin way back in 1974. The paradox was mainly used to support the argument that a general increase in economical growth by a country, would not necessarily result in increased satisfaction levels by its citizenry (Leonhardt 2008). The argument supported by this paradox, was further supported by research that happened to prove that during the resultant aftermath that followed soon after World War II ended, the economy of Japan underwent a rather significant boom with the general economy’s output growing by an average of about sevenfold between the years ranging between 1950 an 1970. This staggering economical growth caused Japan to eventually become one of the world’s richest nations (Leonhardt 2008). Despite the massive economic growth witnessed in the country, polls conducted in Japan showed that the country’s citizenry appeared to become increasingly dissatisfied with their own lives. According to the re sults of one poll, the overall percentage of persons who happened to provide the most positive of the given possible answers pertaining to the level of satisfaction they were experiencing in their lives actually fell from the averages obtained during the late 1950s through to the early 1970s. It was evidently clear that although the people were richer, they were deemed to apparently not be happier. (Lee & Dwight 2006). The results of this Japanese anomaly are inherently somewhat flawed and money can result in happiness. The truth of this statement was verified by efforts of research conducted by two economists from Brookings Institution in Washington, Mr. Wolfers and Ms. Stevenson who discovered that the original research questions had changed and the most positive answer option that was given by the pollsters was one suggesting that although the respondents weren’t completely happy they were satisfied with their life as it were at the moment. Mr. Easterlin is quoted as writi ng that â€Å"it can generally be observed that persons residing in poor countries displayed a tendency towards becoming generally happier once their economic conditions became more favorable and they were subsequently able to afford their basic necessities. Any further gains on their part did not necessarily increase their income but simply just seemed to actually be resetting the bar†. Easterlin argued that one’s relative income which is basically a reflection of how much an individual happens to earn in comparison to how much other persons around the individual happened to be earning – mattered far way more than a person’s absolute income (Leonhardt 2008). The Easterlin Paradox was quickly adopted by the society and grew to become one of the major social sciences classics that were frequently cited in various academic journals as well as in the popular media (Leonhardt 2008). The Case in Support of Money Causing an Increase in Happiness It can be argue d that an increase in a person’s purchasing power can have the effect of causing a resultant increase in the happiness levels of the person. One of the most common arguments in support of this is that such happiness is generally a resultant feeling of one having more as compared to other persons in the same reference group.

6. Think Global act Local Discuss the implications of Theodore Levitts Essay

6. Think Global act Local Discuss the implications of Theodore Levitts statement. Illustrate with examples from global companies - Essay Example ting pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µ, mÐ °ny compÐ °niÐ µs crÐ °ck thÐ µ fundÐ °mÐ µntÐ °l principlÐ µ of mÐ °rkÐ µting— Ð °nd by this I mÐ µÃ °n thÐ °t during stÐ °rt-up phÐ °sÐ µ you fist gÐ µt to Ð °nÐ °lyzÐ µ thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt Ð °nd thÐ µn mÐ °kÐ µ Ð ° dÐ µcision on whÐ °t products producÐ µ or sÐ µrvicÐ µs to rÐ µndÐ µr, mÐ µÃ °nwhilÐ µ, whÐ µn you go intÐ µrnÐ °tionÐ °l it is fÐ °r morÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µnt to sÐ µÃ µ intÐ µrnÐ °tionÐ °l mÐ °rkÐ µts Ð °s opportunitiÐ µs to incrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt shÐ °rÐ µ of Ð µxisting products by Ð °dopting Ð ° â€Å"sÐ °lÐ µs push† strÐ °tÐ µgy rÐ °thÐ µr thÐ °n Ð ° mÐ °rkÐ µt-pull Ð °pproÐ °ch. OncÐ µ Ð ° compÐ °ny introducÐ µs its products or sÐ µrvicÐ µs on thÐ µ sÐ µcond country-mÐ °rkÐ µt, it will unÐ °voidÐ °bly bÐ µ pronÐ µ to imposÐ µ its prÐ µvious Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ, Ð µspÐ µciÐ °lly if thÐ µ compÐ °ny opÐ µrÐ °tion in thÐ µ grÐ µÃ °t numbÐ µr of nÐ °tionÐ °l mÐ °rkÐ µts. MÐ °rkÐ µting strÐ °tÐ µgy dÐ µcisions in such Ð ° cÐ °sÐ µ cÐ °n bÐ µ bÐ °sÐ µd Ð °gÐ °inst thÐ µ Ð µxtrÐ °-mÐ °rkÐ µt critÐ µriÐ °. For instÐ °ncÐ µ, pricÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µls Ð °rÐ µ sÐ µt up in ordÐ µr to Ð µliminÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ diffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ Ð °mong mÐ °rkÐ µts Ð °nd to sustÐ °in Ð ° pricÐ µ corridor, compÐ °rÐ µd to thÐ µ situÐ °tion whÐ µrÐ µ you just purÐ µly rÐ µflÐ µct locÐ °l mÐ °rkÐ µt conditions. Subsidizing of pricÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µls by multinÐ °tionÐ °l is Ð °lso Ð ° common prÐ °cticÐ µ Ð °nd is usÐ µd for strÐ °tÐ µgic rÐ µÃ °sons. StrÐ °tÐ µgy of thÐ µ compÐ °ny thÐ °t is Ð µxpÐ °nding Ð °broÐ °d dÐ µpÐ µnds on mÐ °ny fÐ °ctors, in somÐ µ cÐ °sÐ µ it is just Ð ° pursuÐ µ of lÐ µÃ °rning Ð °nd somÐ µtimÐ µs it is high profitÐ °bility tÐ °rgÐ µt thÐ °t Ð °rÐ µ sÐ µt up upfront. Ð nothÐ µr componÐ µnt of thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µting mix thÐ °t is diffÐ µrÐ µnt Ð °nd should bÐ µ tÐ °ilorÐ µd to thÐ µ spÐ µcific mÐ °rkÐ µt is distribution chÐ °nnÐ µl infrÐ °structurÐ µ, which should bÐ µ Ð °lso rÐ µsponsiblÐ µ for mÐ °rkÐ µting strÐ °tÐ µgy. ThÐ µ distribution nÐ µtwork hÐ °s Ð °lso to contributÐ µ Ð ° lot to Ð ° strÐ °tÐ µgy for growth, Ð °nd Ð °s Ð ° rÐ µsult it is judgÐ µd on orgÐ °nizÐ °tionÐ °l critÐ µriÐ ° such Ð °s fÐ µÃ °sibility, lÐ µvÐ µl of risk, supportÐ °bility, Ð °nd control issuÐ µs. MÐ µÃ °nwhilÐ µ, distribution

Fire Safety Strategies For Sainsburys Warehouse Environmental Sciences Essay

Fire Safety Strategies For Sainsburys Warehouse Environmental Sciences Essay The purpose of this Outline Fire Strategy Report is to facilitate preliminary discussions with the Approving Authorities and to outline the approach that will be taken to show compliance with Part B (Fire Safety) of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations (2000 2006). This report will provide a brief summary on all the aspects of fire safety which correlate with the corresponding Building Regulations. However, it will focus primarily on issues pertaining to the Fire Detection (AFD) and Alarm system and linking factors, such as evacuation times and fire growth. Since the 1960s there has been a rapid increase in the construction of large single storey storage warehouse facilities in the United Kingdom (UK). One of the most notable of these was the 40,000m2 unsprinklered military storage facility constructed by the Ministry of Defence (MOD) at Donnington. In 1983 this storage facility was completely destroyed by fire despite the presence of an on-site fire service. The fire at Donnington and other unsprinklered warehouses circa 1980 raised concerns in the UK and the United States (US). They present an extremely high risk to firefighters due to size and fire loading, devastating was the incident in November 2007, which was a fire in a vegetable packing plant located in Warwickshire that resulted in the tragic loss of four firefighters. Over the last 2 decades there has been an increase in the use of warehouses as a crucial part within the supply chain, this has been accelerated to deliver a just-in-time delivery system that has demanded more sophisticated processes. Where property protection sprinkler systems are installed with additional enhanced features, significant improvements upon the 80% reliability can be achieved.. 3 Description of the issue to be solved When minimum fire protection measures are provided (i.e. manual fire alarm, 2m floor to ceiling height, etc), ADB suggests maximum travel distances in warehouse accommodation of 25m in a single direction of travel and 45m where two means of escape are provided. The proposed building contains a number of inherent fire safety features such as high ceilings, automatic fire detection, sprinklers and an open plan environment. Such features assist in prolonging the onset of hazardous conditions and increase the chance of a person becoming aware of a fire in the initial stages of its development independent of the alarm being raised by others. Therefore, the basic recommendations set out in ADB are considered to be unduly restrictive fir the proposed building. The 2.5 min notional escape time used in current guides came from the Empire Palace Theatre Fire in 1911, as it was the time taken for the audience to escape, which was measured due to the Orchestra playing God saves the King during t he evacuation. Many other requirements within the prescriptive code developed in the same way with no specific foundation to support them. Figure 4 Methods and schemes To comply with the functional requirements the Secretary of State has approved a series of Approved Documents, which aims to provide practical guidance with respect to the functional requirements of schedule 1 and Regulation 7 of the Building regulations 2000 (SI 2000/2531) for England. The approved document for the above function is Approved Document B (Fire Safety), Volume 2 Buildings other than dwelling houses (ADB); however these functional requirements can be achieved in a number of different ways. This report will focus on B1. 4.1 Approved document B and solution of fire engineering ADB states the following: Fire safety engineering may provide an alternative approach to fire safety. It may be the only realistic way to achieve an acceptable standard of fire safety in some large and intricate buildings and in buildings containing diverse uses. Therefore, where the proposed development does not fully comply with the recommendations of ADB it is intended to incorporate the latest guidance available as part of an alternative fire safety engineering approach. This approach will be base don the recommendations of BS7974 with the overarching aim of achieving the optimum design solution and Building Regulation Approvals. A fire alarm system is designed to detect and raise the alarm in a fire situation for the following purposes: As part of the life safety system (L) For the protection of property (P) For a warehouse the type of system is determined by the current addition of BS5839-1; Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings (Code of practice for system design, installation, commissioning and maintenance). Table A.1 of BS5839 Part 1 identifies the appropriate alarm system for the building. Figure If we consider the building as a warehouse the British Standard states that the premises will require the highest standard of property protection a Category P1 system, where automatic fire detectors are installed in all areas of the building. The system is intended to satisfy the requirements of fire insurers as it considers a life safety system not appropriate for the building type as the occupiers are awake and will detect and raise the alarm. This is against the recommended type of system under BS9999 as it states for a fast growing fire with a risk rating of A3 (reduced from A4 due to sprinklers being fitted) requires a L2 alarm system. A mostly unmanned warehouse cannot rely upon a manual response and an automatic fire detection system and/or sprinkler system will be warranted. Historically, the type and extent of fire detection is often dictated by external influences rather than by a measured assessment of the risk and the determination of the most appropriate and effective fo rm of detection. These influences may include the requirements of legislation as enforced by the Fire Authority and Building Control Body, or the requirements of interested parties, such as the Insurer. The alarm will also be capable of operating extinguishing and smoke control systems. Actuation will close fire dampers, open smoke vents and close heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems or switch them over to extraction mode Figure When detecting in large open areas such as atria, warehouses etc, the detection device is likely to be some distance vertically and horizontally from the fire source. Consequently, detection methods should be applicable for such circumstances. There are a number of considerations for protecting such environments, these can include smoke and heat dilution as the fire plume rises towards the fire detectors, the effects of stratification and air currents taking the smoke and gasses away from the detectors. When attempting to assess the probable time to detection, there would need to be a detailed assessment of the environmental conditions affecting fire growth, as the environment is likely to play a major part in the success or failure of the detection system. In this case: tgrowth will be based upon typical fire models for the range of likely combustibles; tmove will be based upon a number of assumptions of how the environment will affect the way the detected products will travel towards the detectors. Parameters to be considered here are the effects of HVAC, the continued entrainment of air as the smoke plume rises (with the possible eddy current created by cooling of the smoke), and the effects of stratification. Warehouses offer particularly unusual challenged to these types of detector since point type smoke detectors are not recommended for use above 10.5m except in unusual circumstances. The reason for this is the well-known phenomenon of smoke stratification, where smoke from any given size fire only produces sufficient thermal buoyancy to raise smoke to a given level (often well away from detectors), rendering conventional smoke detection virtually useless in this application. Beam detectors however negate the problems associated with point detectors. Beam smoke detectors make use of the obscuration property of smoke to detect a fire. They may consist of a combined transmitter and receiver unit with reflective element, or a separate transmitter and receiver unit. They are normally mounted on walls at either side of a monitored area, such that there is a clear line of sight between one unit and the other. Typically, an infrared beam is transmitted along this length. In the event of smoke passing through the beam, the receiver measures the resultant attenuation. The value CL, expressed in dB, is used to identify the reduction in intensity of the light beam, defined by the following equation: I0= received intensity without reduction in intensity I = received intensity after reduction in intensity The main requirements are that: The detectors have sufficient immunity to false alarm conditions such that CL, min is less than 0.5 dB; The variation in response between successive operations should be limited such that the ratio between the maximum value of CL, max recorded and the minimum value CL, min is less than 1.6. Although this data is used in testing detectors, it may also be appropriate in assessing on-site conditions. By contrast, high sensitivity aspirating systems may often have their sampling pipes arranged to sample from multiple heights within the protected area, overcoming this problem. However they are cost prohibitive within this scheme. 5 Analysis and computations 5.1 Assumption To demonstrate the building complies with the functional requirement B1 a fire safety engineering analysis of the performance based design will need to be adopted as recommended in BS7974. Making use of basic physical provisions to ensure life safety, but design evaluation depends upon a time based comparison of the time available for the occupants to escape (Available Safe Escape Time, (ASET)) and the escape time (Required Safe Escape Time, (RSET)). This will allow the design to deviate form the restrictions imposed by the prescribed rules Research on Evacuation Times. Standard fire safety recommendations for means of escape relate to travel time, i.e. the time taken to travel to and through exits to a place of relative safety. However, it is widely acknowledged that the time taken for occupants to start to evacuate can be considerably longer than the time taken to actually move out of the building. An extract of Table C.1 from BS7974-6 is partially replicated in Figure 4. This demonstrates the potential variation in pre-movement times of evacuees which is dependent upon the level of management and fire alarm provision. The management of this building will adopt a proactive fire safety management approach to comply with standard fire safety regulations for the workplace. Figure A1-A2: Automatic fire detection and alarm throughout building A3: Automatic fire detection and alarm only in certain areas, or manual call points only throughout There has been a number of real fire tests carried out on high rack storage arrangements by insurance companies. Tests carried out by Underwriters Laboratories Inc. concluded that fire size is unlikely to exceed 5MW where in-rack sprinklers have been provided. Smaller tests on single racks of clothing would indicate a typical peak heat release rate of 2.5MW for isolated arrangements. BRE 368 would also suggest a peak heat release rate of 2.5MW for sprinklered fires using fast response sprinkler heads. Within this project an assumption of a 5 MW fire is made 5.2 Calculation procedures How occupants respond to a fire will depend initially on the cue they received. The components of occupants evacuation times are recognition time, response time and travel time. Both recognition and response times are known as pre-movement time. The former represents the time taken to appreciate that the alarm is a fire alarm relating to the occupant (as opposed to a security alarm, car alarm etc). During this time occupants will continue with activities as they were prior to the activation of the alarm, e.g. staff members undertaking duties, etc. The latter represents the duration taken by occupants to begin to move towards an escape route, e.g. investigative behaviour shutting down machinery etc. Figure In warehouse buildings occupants are generally familiar with their surroundings and are trained in fire emergency evacuation protocols. In the proposed storage facility and associated offices, occupants should be familiar with the sounding of the fire alarm and as such would commence evacuation reasonably promptly. Where a reasonable standard of fire detection is provided, BS7974-6 recommends that familiar occupants of a building can be expected to take between 1mins and 2mins before they start to evacuate. The characteristics and determination of evacuation behaviour can be simplified in terms of the following broad categories of behaviour; the first is Pre-Movement Behaviour and the second is Travel Behaviour. The recommendations of BS7974-6 have been used to determine the Required Safe Egress time (RSET) for the proposed and code compliant layouts. RSET can be calculated using the following formula: rtrset = rtdet + rtalarm + rtpre + rttravel Where; rtrset = Total time required for escape (secs) rtdet = Time to detection (secs) rtalarm = Time to alarm (secs) rtpre = Pre-movement time (secs) rttravel = Travel time (secs) Travel Time is the time required for the occupants to walk to an exit leading to a place of safety. Walking time may be expressed as a distribution of individual times or as a single time such as an average time required. As stated earlier we will assume the maximum travel distance within the warehouse is 60m with no dead end situations allowing for two directions of escape from all areas due to the number of exits provided from the warehouse. We will take the speed of from Annex D PD7974-6 2004 as 1.4m/s. Distance 60(m) ttrav(walking) = - = = 43(s) Speed of travel 1.4 m S 6 Comparison of results with acceptance criteria 6.1 Summary of the results of this case study To meet with code recommendations a Type M manual fire alarm system would be necessary in a standard warehouse building. However, the provision of an automatic fire detection and alarm system is an integral part of the overall fire safety package from a fire engineering perspective. 6.2 Result The building will be provided with an automatic fire alarm and detection system meeting the recommendations of BS 5839-1 Category L2. The system will consist of beam detectors within the warehouse area. Manual call points will be provided at each storey exit and throughout the premises to give warning to the occupants in case of an event other than fire, a voice alarm system will also be installed in accordance with the recommendations of BS 5839-8. The sound level of the alarm system should generally be at least: 60dB (A) in open plan areas>60m2, e.g. offices (excluding a 500mm perimeter boundary) 60dB (A) in staircases and rooms less than 60m2 5dB (A) above the ambient noise level. Table B.1 Typical occupational noise levels (Lp) Figure 7 Conclusions 7.1 Fire protection requirements It is proposed to provide a high standard of automatic fire detection and alarm system throughout the warehousing compartment. A manual system will cover the office area of the premises. The standard of detection and alarm in the building will affect the general time to warning for occupants and provide an enhanced level of fire safety through early warning and shorter evacuation times. Activation of the sprinkler system will also lead to the fire alarm sounding throughout the building. To ensure a conservative estimation of fire alarm activation our analysis has been based on an anticipated sprinkler system activation time within 2 minutes. Many code compliant warehouse facilities with code compliant travel distances only require manual fire detection to meet with code recommendations. Therefore the time to detection would depend on the time taken for occupants in the room of fire origin to raise the alarm. However, should the room of fire origin be unoccupied then the time to alarm for people who may be in rooms remote from the fire would depend on them or other occupants becoming aware of cues of the fire scenario, e.g. sounds of burning material, smell of smoke or seeing smoke through a vision panel. Although BS7974-6 recommends a time to detection of at least 15 minutes for such scenarios, a reasonable worst case for a typical code compliant open plan warehouse could be 3 5 minutes. The fire alarm and detection system will be an addressable analogue system. Multi-state detectors will be capable of giving normal, fire and alternate signals dependent upon the required sensitivity. The control panel will be sited in a low fire risk area (office). It shall have suitable ambient light and sound levels for both staff and FRS use. The fully addressable system will give floor/zone and the specific address of the signals location. There will be 100 second fault monitoring. It will be provided with staff alarm, as well as test, silence and reset buttons. Plan of warehouse Figure